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优秀的文献综述应该这么写 | How to Write a Literature Review Properly and Quickly

  • Writer: 普瑞英语工作室
    普瑞英语工作室
  • Aug 7, 2022
  • 4 min read

很多同学写着写着就把Literature Review写成了“名词解释”或者“背景介绍”,也就是把Literature Review写成了描述性的内容。

实际上,真正的Literature Review是分析性的。除了要让读者对某一主题有一个大体的了解,更重要的是要阐述这些文献和本篇论文之间的联系。

1. 总结一下优秀的文献综述应该具备的功能:

  • 通过查阅文献,找到某一领域的研究空白(Gap)。

  • 概述一下在某一领域的主要论点(Arguments)。

  • 向读者展示你熟悉这一领域(Familiarisation)。

  • 分析之前文献的优点和缺点(Evaluate)。

  • 找到和其他文献的联系,来确立本篇论文的位置(Position)。

  • 找到目前尚有争议的议题(Area of Controversy)。

  • 分析前人用了什么方法,然后去避免前人犯的错误(Methodology)。

  • 给出一个清晰的理论框架(Theoretical Framework)。

  • 通过引用文献,来解释定义本篇论文奖要用到的术语(Terms)。

  • 让你更加确信本篇论文的研究是值得的。

2. 具体该如何开始Literature Review的写作?

可以按照下面这些步骤来操作:

1. 确定论文主题,一般来说主题已经和导师确认完毕。

2. 把这个主题放到一个更大的环境中去审视。一般来说需要考虑两个问题:

  • 讨论这个论题需要掌握什么背景知识?

  • 这个论题会对所属的研究领域产生什么影响?

3. 搜索相关的信息:

  • 搜索这个论题中着重讨论的关键词;

  • 找到这个论题所涉及的多个主题;

  • 把每个关键词隔开,并在对应的主题内搜索这个关键词或者关键词的同义词;

4. 可以通过以下方式搜索文献:

  • ž 学校图书馆的数据库

  • ž Google Scholar

  • ž 某个文献后面附带的Reference List 和 Bibliography;

  • ž 导师推荐的文献列表;

  • ž 同学推荐的文献;

5. 如果可能,可以锁定几个重点的作者。把所有查阅过的相关文献记录下来,并尽 可能从现在开始就按照要求的引用格式写好reference list。

6. 每次应用一个文献的时候,都要把这个文献和你的论文联系起来,即解释这篇文献的内容对本篇论文有和帮助。

3. 正确设置Literature Review的结构

首先,就像你写其它类型的文章一样,一篇Literature Review也一定要有Introduction 和 Conclusion。然后,你需要按照某种方法来将多个文献归到一类去写。或者说,按照某种方法来设置小标题。

要注意的是,每一个类别应该是按照统一的主题去归类,而不是按照作者去归类。因此,你可以在一段中引用多个文献,也可以多次引用同一篇文献。具体的分类方法有很多,我举几个常见的:

  • 文献所讨论的主题一致;

  • 实验方法一致或相似;

  • 运用的理论相同;

  • 研究相同,例如都是定量分析或者定性分析;

  • 按照时间顺序来分类。例如某个理论的发展历程。

无论运用哪种分类方法,有一个事情必须要做:一定要告诉读者这段内容和你的论文有什么联系!千万不能忽略这一点,否则读者读完了你的Literature Review只会情不自禁地问:So what?

4. 文献综述的Introduction 和 Conclusion 分别写什么?

很多同学都觉得Introduction只要介绍一下整篇Literature Review的结构设置就可以了,而且Conclusion根本没一要写——“文献综述还要什么结论?”这么想可就错了。下面就列举一下Introduction和Conclusion可能会包含的内容:

4.1 Introduction:

  • 通过联系本篇论文课题,简要说明研究领域的当前背景;

  • 列举出关键的术语和概念;

  • 总结目前该领域总体的研究趋势;

  • 说明本篇Literature Review所用到文献的合理性;

  • 概述本篇Literature Review的成文结构。

范例:

The technical literature of trickling filters is very extensive. This is evidenced by the literature search and critical analysis published by Dow (1971), which cited over 5,600 references in the literature published up to 1968. An exhaustive review of the literature is thus beyond the scope of this work.
The aim of this chapter is to provide, through selective reference to some of the literature, a clearer understanding of the different microbiological, chemical and physical processes that occur within trickling filters. Experimental observations of various trickling filter phenomena are reviewed, and there is discussion of the sometimes-conflicting conclusions about the mechanisms of trickling filtration that have been drawn from the empirical evidence.
The chapter is divided into two parts. The subject of the first is the biological film which is the site of the biological oxidation of organic matter from the wastewater, and is thus the heart of the process of trickling filtration. The formation and structure of the biofilm (or slime layer) is outlined, and the different processes which occur within it are discussed. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to a consideration of the operating variables which determine trickling filter performance.

4.2 Conclusion:

  • 概括主要文献的重要性;

  • 总结评估所研究领域的目前状况。

  • 把该领域的研究空白和你的研究联系起来。或者说,你是如何在前人研究的基础上进行本次研究的。

  • 简单揭示下一章的主要内容。

范例:

The review of literature in this chapter has concentrated largely on empirical observations of trickling filters. At the micro level, the effects of oxygen and substrate limitations on the reactions occurring within the biofilm have been assessed. At the macro level, trickling filter performance has been considered in terms of state variables such as hydraulic rate and depth of packing. Certain important concepts, such as liquid residence time, have been introduced and used to explain, qualitatively, certain aspects of filter behaviour.
To quantify filter behaviour, it is necessary to develop a theory for the process; the theory may be a complex mechanistic model, or a simple empirical correlation. All trickling filter theories are based to some extent on empirical observation, if only for certain basic assumptions. Thus, this chapter provides a basis for the next, in which the development of trickling filter theories is outlined, and various design equations are critically analysed.



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